![]() Focused questions ask for specific information and are usually used as follow-up questions to cover relevant aspects of the event that the witness did not mention in their free recall report.Įffects of Multiple Retelling and Discussions on Memory Performance It is of forensic relevance to understand memory performance for action and detail information in free recall, as eyewitnesses' early free recall can have an important influence on the subsequent course of the forensic investigation. The two types of question formats used were: Open free recall, henceforth called free recall (Experiment 1) and focused questions (Experiment 1 and 2). The study also investigated whether performance is influenced by repeated recall, by discussing the experienced event repeatedly, and finally, by the format of the questions asked. Confidence accuracy refers to the match between a person's confidence judgments and the correctness of their answers (also called metacognitive realism). This study investigated whether action (what happened at the crime scene) or detail information (descriptions of persons, objects, time and place) is associated with better memory and confidence accuracy. If this is the case, having knowledge about such differences could help forensic personnel to make better use of witnesses' testimony. A possibility is that different parts of witness' memory statements, such as information about actions and details, may differ with respect to their recall properties and their meta-cognitive accuracy. Moreover, eyewitness' confidence has been found to be the most influential factor when personnel in the forensic process evaluate the correctness of eyewitness memory reports (Boyce, Beaudry, & Lindsay, 2007), but witnesses' confidence accuracy has commonly been found to be lacking (Allwood, Ask, & Granhag, 2005 Allwood, Innes-Ker, Homgren, & Fredin, 2008 Leippe & Eisenstadt, 2007). In addition, eyewitness error has been reported to be the main cause of faulty convictions (Wise, Pawlenko, Safer, & Mayer, 2009). ![]() Examples of such variables are the extent to which the witness has retold the event or discussed it with others and what type of memory recall instructions are used by the forensic personnel. However, eyewitnesses cannot always provide the required information, and many variables have been found to influence and bias performance (Blackwell-Young, 2008). ![]() ![]() Eyewitness testimony plays a central role in police investigative work and in later phases of the forensic process. ![]()
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